CLIMATE CHANGE DISCLOSURE AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA’S PALM OIL INDUSTRY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29303/akurasi.v9i1.897Keywords:
Climate Change Disclosure, Return on Assets, Return on Sales, Sales GrowthAbstract
This study explores how climate change disclosures affect financial outcomes for palm oil firms in Indonesia. Drawing on secondary data from annual and sustainability reports of 23 listed companies over 2019-2023, we applied generalized least squares regression-both linear and quadratic (non-linear)-along with classical assumption tests. The findings reveal a significant linear link between climate change disclosure (CCD) and sales growth. However, CCD showed no meaningful impact on ROA or ROS in either model. These results suggest that such disclosures can build stakeholder trust and shape positive market perceptions, fueling sales growth-though they haven't yet translated to short-term profitability gains
Downloads
References
Aibar-Guzmán, B., Raimo, N., Vitolla, F., & García-Sánchez, I.-M. (2024). Corporate governance and financial performance: Reframing their relationship in the context of climate change. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 31(3), 1493-1509. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2649.
Alam, A., Rahman, A. M., & Yazdifar, H. (2022). SMEs respond to climate change: Evidence from developing countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 185, 122087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122087.
Alam, M. M., Ibrahim, Y., & Mia, M. S. (2020). Climate change impacts on yield and financial performance of agro-plantation companies in Malaysia. International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation, 7(1), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPTI.2020.108741.
Alshahrani, F., Eulaiwi, B., Duong, L., & Taylor, G. (2023). Climate change performance and financial distress. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(6), 3249-3271. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3298.
Amani, N. (2023, Oktober 12). Liputan 6.com. Retrieved from Perubahan Iklim Bikin Ekonomi Global Rugi hingga USD 5 Triliun: https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/5421655/perubahan-iklim-bikin-ekonomi-global-rugi-hingga-usd-5-triliun?page=4
Anggraeni, D. Y. (2015). Pengungkapan emisi gas rumah kaca, kinerja lingkungan, dan nilai perusahaan. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, 12(2), 188-209 https://doi.org/10.21002/jaki.2015.11.
Attig, N., & Cleary, S. (2015). Managerial practices and Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 131 (1), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2273-x.
Basuki, A. T., & Prawoto, N. (2019). Analisis Regresi: Dalam Penelitian Ekonomi dan Bisnis. Depok: Rajagrafindo Persada.
Battiston, S., Mandel, A., Monasterolo, I., Schütze, F., & Visentin, G. (2017). A climate stress-test of the financial system. Nature Climate Change, 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3255.
Bolton, P., & Kacperczyk, M. (2021). Do investors care about carbon risk? Journal of Financial Economics, 142 (2), 517-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.05.008.
Bose, S., Lim, E. K., Minnick, K., & Shams, S. (2024). Do foreign institutional investors influence corporate climate change disclosure quality? International evidence. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 32(2), 322-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12535.
Broadstock, D. C., Collins, A., Hunt, L. C., & Vergos, K. (2018). Voluntary disclosure, greenhouse gas emissions and business performance: Assessing the first decade of reporting. The British Accounting Review, 50(1), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2017.02.002.
Carney, M. (2016). Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures. Basel. https://www.fsb.org/uploads/Recommendations-of-the-Task-Force-on-Climate-related-Financial-Disclosures.pdf: Financial Stability Board.
Chen, J. W., Khoo, E. S., & Peng, Z. (2023). Climate change disclosure and the information environment in the initial public offering market. Accounting & Finance, 63, 907-952. https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13085.
CNN. (2021, September 10). CNN Indonesia.com. Retrieved from Perubahan Iklim Berpotensi Picu Krisis Keuangan: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20210910130711-78-692461/perubahan-iklim-berpotensi-picu-krisis-keuangan
CNN. (2023, Januari 26). CNN Indonesia.com. Retrieved from Pengusaha Ungkap Kinerja Industri Sawit Stagnan 4 Tahun Terakhir: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20230125195848-92-904882/pengusaha-ungkap-kinerja-industri-sawit-stagnan-4-tahun-terakhir
CNN. (2024, April 24). CNN Indonesia.com. Retrieved from Astra Agro Sebut Industri Kelapa Sawit Tengah Hadapi Tantangan: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20240424084113-625-1089747/astra-agro-sebut-industri-kelapa-sawit-tengah-hadapi-tantangan
Detik. (2021, Agustus 28). Detik Finance.com. Retrieved from Perubahan Iklim Pengaruhi Industri Sawit, Apa Dampaknya?: https://finance.detik.com/industri/d-5699937/perubahan-iklim-pengaruhi-industri-sawit-apa-dampaknya?single=1
Detik. (2024, Mei 8). Detikinet.com. Retrieved from Bill Gates Bicara Dampak Negatif Sawit, Singgung Indonesia: https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-7330695/bill-gates-bicara-dampak-negatif-sawit-singgung-indonesia
Donnell, J. D. (1971). The legitimacy of the business corporation, by James Willard. Indiana Law Journal 46 (3), Article 10. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol46/iss3/10.
Dowling, J., & Pfeffer, J. (1975). Organizational legitimacy: Social values and organizational behavior. Pacific Sociological Review, 18(1), 122-136. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388226.
Flammer, C., Toffel, M. W., & Viswanathan, K. (2021). Shareholder activism and firms' voluntary disclosure of climate change risks. Strategic Management Journal, 42(10), 1850-1879. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3313.
Freeman, R. E., & McVea, J. (2005). A Stakeholder Approach to Strategic Management. London: The Blackwell handbook of strategic management, 183-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/b.9780631218616.2006.00007.x.
Giannarakis, G., Zafeiriou, E., & Sariannidis, N. (2017). The impact of carbon performance on climate change disclosure. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26(8), 1078-1094. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1962.
Gray, R., Adams, C., & Owen, D. (1994). Corporate Reporting for Sustainable Development: Accounting for Sustainability in 2000AD. Dundee, United Kingdom: The White Horse Press.
Grofčíková, J. (2020). Impact of selected determinants of corporate governance on financial performance of companies. Ekonomicko-manazerske spektrum, 14(2), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.26552/ems.2020.2.12-23.
Hahn, R., & Kuhnen, M. (2013). Determinants of sustainability reporting: a review of results, trends, theory, and opportunities in an expanding field of research. Journal of cleaner production, 59, 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.005.
Hariri, F. R., & Gischa, S. (2024, Maret 20). Kompas.com. Retrieved from Dampak Perubahan Iklim terhadap Ekonomi Global: https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2024/03/20/050000869/dampak-perubahan-iklim-terhadap-ekonomi-global
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Geneva: IPCC.
Iriyadi, I., & Antonio, Y. (2021). Climate Change Disclosure Impact on Indonesian Corporate Financial. Journal Dinamika Akuntansi dan Bisnis, 8 (2), 117-128. https://dx.doi.org/10.24815/JDAB.V8I2.20424.
Lewandowski, S. (2016). Carbon emissions and corporate financial performance: A systematic literature review and options for methodological enhancements. Corporate Carbon and Climate Accounting, 193–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27718-9_9.
Maharani, N., & Riadi, S. (2024). Sustainability in the energy sector: Unraveling the effects of reporting, leverage, and activity on financial performance. Prosiding Konferensi Riset Akuntansi Riau, 2(1), 40–50. https://prosiding.konrariau-iaikapd.web.id/index.php/konra/article/view/29.
Maji, S. G., & Kalita, N. (2022). Climate change financial disclosure and firm performance: empirical evidence from Indian energy sector based on TCFD recommendations. Society and Business Review, 17 (4): 594–612. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBR-10-2021-0208.
Megeid, N. S. (2024). The impact of climate risk disclosure on financial performance, financial reporting and risk management: evidence from Egypt. Future Business Journal, 10(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-024-00309-5.
Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS). (2019). A Call for Action: Climate Change as a Source of Financial Risk. Prancis.
Ningrum, J. W., Khairunnisa, A. H., & Huda, N. (2020). Pengaruh kemiskinan, tingkat pengangguran, pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) di Indonesia tahun 2014-2018 dalam perspektif Islam. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 6(2), 212–222. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v6i2.1034.
Okada, H., Kuhn, C., Feillet, H., & Bach, J.-F. (2010). The ‘hygiene hypothesis’ for autoimmune and allergic diseases: an update. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 160(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04139.
Ozkan, A., Temiz, H., & Yildiz, Y. (2022). Climate risk, corporate social responsibility, and firm performance. British Journal of Management, 34(4), 1791-1810. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12665.
Pankratz, N., Bauer, R., & Derwall, J. (2023). Climate change, firm performance, and investor surprises. Management Science, 69(12), 7151-7882. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4685.
Pellegrino, C., & Lodhia, S. (2012). Climate change accounting and the Australian mining industry: Exploring the links between corporate disclosure and the generation of legitimacy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 36, 68-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.022.
Pratama, H., & Wijayanti, R. (2022). Pengungkapan perubahan iklim: faktor penentu dan konsekuensinya terhadap nilai perusahaan. EQIEN-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 10(1), 472-478. https://doi.org/10.34308/eqien.v10i1.562.
Preble, J. F. (2005). Toward a comprehensive model of stakeholder management. Business and Society Review, 110, 407-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0045-3609.2005.00023.x.
Reuters. (2025, Desember 8). Reuters.com. Retrieved from Indonesia fines dozens of palm oil, mining companies $2.3 billion for operating in forest areas: https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/indonesia-fines-dozens-palm-oil-mining-companies-23-billion-operating-forest-2025-12-08/
Russo, A., & Pogutz, S. (2009). Eco-efficiency vs Eco-effectiveness. Exploring the link between GHG emissions and firm performance. Academy of Management Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2009.44263752.
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Pick, M., Liengaard, B. D., Radomir, L., & Ringle, C. M. (2022). Progress in partial least squares structural equation modeling use in marketing research in the last decade. Psychology & Marketing, 39(5), 1035-1064. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21640.
Secinaro, S., Brescia, V., Calandra, D., & Saiti, B. (2020). Impact of climate change mitigation policies on corporate financial performance: Evidence-based on European publicly listed firms. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(6), 2491-2501. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1971.
Soewarno, N., Tjahjadi, B., & Firdausi, R. H. (2018). The impacts of carbon emission disclosure, environmental performance, and social performance on financial performance (Empirical studies in Proper participating companies listed in Indonesia Stocks Exchange). KnE Social Sciences, 957-971. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i10.3439.
Soleha, N., & Rosiana, R. (2021). Exploring sustainability reports in the Indonesian palm oil industry. Journal of Applied Business, Taxation and Economics Research, 1(1), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.54408/jabter.v1i1.23.
Sun, Y., Yang, Y., Huang, N., & Zhou, X. (2020). The impacts of climate change risks on financial performance of mining industry: Evidence from listed companies in China. Resources Policy, 69, 101828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101828.
Widana, I. W., & Muliani, N. P. (2020). Uji Persyaratan Analisis. Lumajang: Klik Media.
Williams, C. A. (2018). Disclosure of information concerning climate change: Liability risks and opportunities. Commissioned Reports, Studies and Public Policy Documents, 206. https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/reports/206.
Yébenes, M. O. (2024). Climate change, ESG criteria and recent regulation: Challenges and opportunities. Eurasian Economic Review 14, 87–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-023-00251-x.
Yunita, Y. P. (2025). The influence of corporate social responsibility, good corporate governance, and climate disclosure on company performance in the palm oil industry. Golden Ratio of Finance Management, 5(1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.52970/grfm.v5i1.944.
Zhang, S. (2024). The impact of emission trading schemes and government pressure on corporate climate change disclosure in China. Environmental Challenges, 16, 100979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2024.100979.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Sugeng Riadi, Nanda Purwati, Mior Faizmie Yusof Za’Ba

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in Akurasi: Jurnal Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright of their articles.
- Authors grant Akurasi: Jurnal Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan the right of first publication.
- Articles are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).
- This license allows anyone to copy, distribute, display, and adapt the articles for any purpose, including commercial use, as long as proper credit is given to the author(s) and the source, and derivative works are distributed under the same license.
- All published articles are open access and may be used for educational, research, and scientific purposes.




